Head and Neck

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Craniofacial muscles
1. Buccinator [L. bucca, cheek]
  attachments - from alveolar processes of the maxilla & mandible, pterygoid hamulus & pterygomandibular raphe to the buccal angle
  function - compresses cheek
  innervation - facial n. (buccal branches)
2. Corrugator supercilii
  attachments - from medial super ciliary arch to eyebrow
  function - draws eyebrow medial and downward
  innervation - facial n. (temporal branch)
3. Depressor anguli oris
  attachments - from mandible to buccal angle
  function - depresses buccal angle laterally
  innervation - facial n. (marginal mandibular branch)
4. Depressor labii inferioris
  attachments - from lower oblique line of mandible to skin & mucosa of lower lip
  function - draws lower lip downward
  innervation - facial n. (marginal mandibular branch)
5. Frontalis
  attachments - from the superficial fascia of the eyebrows to the epicranial aponeurosis
  function - protracts the scalp or elevates eyebrows & nose
  innervation - facial n. (temporal branch)
6. Levator angui oris
  attachments - from canine fossa of maxilla to angle of mouth
  function - raises angle of mouth
  innervation - facial n. (buccal branches)
7. Levator labii superioris
  attachments - from the inferior orbital margin to the lateral aspect of the upper lip
  function - raises & everts upper lip
  innervation - facial n. (buccal branches)
8. Levator labii superioris alequae nasi
  attachments - from frontal process of maxilla to lateral upper lip
  function - raises and everts upper lip
  innervation - facial n. (buccal branches)
9. Mentalis
  attachments - from incisive fossa of mandible to skin of chin
  function - raises lower lip
  innervation - facial n. (marginal mandibular branch)
10. Nasalis
  attachments - from the maxilla lateral & inferior to the nasal notch to the bridge & ala of the nose
  function - transverse fibers compress & alar fibers widen the nasal aperature
  innervation - facial n. (buccal branch)
11. Occipitalis
  attachments - from superior nuchal line to epicranial aponeurosis
  function - retracts the scalp
  innervation - facial n. (posterior auricular)
12. Orbicularis oculi
  attachments - from orbital margin & medial palpebral lig. to superficial fascia of the eyelid
  function - palpebral sphinchter
  innervation - temporal & zygomatic branches of the facial n.
13. Orbicularis oris
  attachments - from the angle of the mouth to the superficial fascia of the upper lip
  function - oral sphinchter
  innervation - facial n. (buccal & marginal mandibular branches)
14. Platysma (G. platys, flat, broad)
  attachments - from the lower border of the mandible to the superficial fascia of the skin of the neck overlying the clavicle
  function - wrinkles the anterior nuccal skin
  innervation - facial n. (cervical branch)
15. Procerus
  attachments - from nasal bone to skin of lower medial forehead
  function - depresses medial end of eyebrow
  innervation - facial n. (buccal branch)
16. Risorius
  attachments - from masseteric & parotid fascia to modiolus
  function - draws buccal angle laterally
  innervation - facial n. (buccal branch)
17. Zygomaticus major [G. zygon, yoke, a joining or pair]
  attachments - from zygomatic bone to angle of the mouth
  function - raises the buccal angle
  innervation - facial n. (buccal branch)
18. Zygomaticus minor
  attachments - from zygomatic bone to upper lip
  function - elevates upper lip
  innervation - facial n. (buccal branch)
Extraocular muscles
1. Inferior oblique
  attachments - from the maxilla lateral to the nasolacrimal groove to the inferolateral, posterior aspect of the sclera
  function - elevation, abduction and extorsion of the eye
  innervation - inferior ramus of the oculomotor n.
2. Inferior rectus (L. straight)
  attachments - from the common tendinous ring to the inferior aspect of the sclera
  function - depression, adduction & extorsion of eye
  innervation - inferior ramus of the oculomotor n.
3. Lateral rectus
  attachments - from the common tendinous ring to the lateral aspect of the sclera
  function - abduction of the eye
  innervation - abducens n.
4. Levator palpebrae superioris
  attachments - from the inferior aspect of the lesser wing of the sphenoid to the tarsus and skin of the upper lid
  function - elevation of the upper lid
  innervation - superior ramus of the oculomotor n.
5. Medial rectus
  attachments - from the common tendinous ring to the medial aspect of the sclera
  function - adduction of the eye
  innervation - inferior ramus of the oculomotor n.
6. Superior oblique
  attachments - from the superomedial, posterior aspect of the orbit to the superolateral, posterior aspect of the sclera passing around the trochlea (superomedial, anterior aspect of the orbit)
  function - abduction, depression & intorsion of the eye
  innervation - trochlear n.
7. Superior rectus
  attachments - from the common tendinous ring to the superior aspect of the sclera
  function - elevation, adduction & intorsion of the eye
  innervation - superior ramus of the oculomotor n.
Muscles of mastication
1. Masseter
  attachments - from the zygomatic arch to the angle of the mandible & lateral aspect of the ramus
  function - elevation, protraction and retraction (deep fibers) the mandible
  innervation - mandibular nerve
2. Temporalis
  attachments - from the temporal fossa to the coronoid process & anterior border of the ramus of the mandible
  function - elevation & retraction (posterior aspect of the muscle) of the mandible
  innervation - mandibular n.
3. Lateral pterygoid
  attachments - from the infratemporal surface of the sphenoid & lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate to the neck of the mandible & the TMJ disc
  function - protraction of the mandible & acts with the ipsilateral medial pterygoid to rotate the mandible to produce the side-to-side movements during trituration of food
  innervation - mandibular n.
4. Medial pterygoid
  attachments - from the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate & adjacent pterygoid fossa to the medial aspect of the angle of the mandible
  function - elevation of the mandible & acts with the ipsilateral lateral pterygoid to rotate the mandible to produce the side-to-side movements during trituration of food
  innervation - mandibular n.
Anterolateral neck muscles
1. Anterior digastric
  attachments - from the digastric fossa of the mandible to the intermediate tendon (greater cornu of hyoid)
  function - depression of the mandible or elevation of the hyoid
  innervation - mylohyoid branch of the inferior alveolar n.
2. Posterior digastric
  attachments - from the temporal mastoid notch to the intermediate tendon (greater cornu of hyoid)
  function - depression of the mandible or elevation of the hyoid
  innervation - facial n.
3. Geniohyoid
  attachments - from the inferior genial tubercle of the mandible to the anterior aspect of the body of the hyoid
  function - elevation & anterior displacement of the hyoid, or depression of the mandible with a fixed hyoid
  innervation - ventral ramus of C1 (via the hypoglossal n.)
4. Longus capitis
  attachments - from the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae to the basilar occipital bone
  function - flexion of the head & neck
  innervation - ventral rami of cervical spinal n.
5. Longus coli (L. neck)
  attachments - from cervical vertebral bodies to cervical vertebral bodies & transverse processes
  function - flexion of the neck
  innervation - ventral rami of cervical spinal n.
6. Mylohyoid
  attachments - from the mylohyoid line of the mandible to the midline raphe & anterior aspect of body of the hyoid
  function - elevation of the floor of the oral cavity
  innervation - mylohyoid branch of the inferior alveolar n.
7. Omohyoid (G. omos, shoulder)
  attachments - from the superior border of the scapula medial to the scapular notch to the lateral aspect of the hyoid passing through an intermediate tendon sling loosely associated with the clavicle & 1st rib
  function - depression of the hyoid
  innervation - ansa cervicalis
8. Rectus capitis anterior
  attachments - from lateral alantal mass to occipital bone
  function - flexes head
  innervation - ventral rami C1 & 2
9. Rectus capitis lateralis
  attachments - from atlantal transverse process to occipital bone
  function - lateral flexion of head
  innervation - ventral rami C1 & 2
10. Scalenus anterior
  attachments - from the anterior tubercles of middle cervical vertebrae to the scalene tubercle of the 1st rib
  function - elevation of 1st rib (during forced inspiration) & flexion & rotation of the neck
  innervation - ventral rami of cervical spinal n.
11. Scalenus medius
  attachments - from the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae to 1st rib
  function - elevation of 1st rib (during forced inspiration) & lateral flexion of the neck
  innervation - ventral rami of cervical spinal n.
12. Scalenus posterior
  attachments - from lower cervical transverse processes to the 2nd rib
  function - elevation of the rib (during forced inspiration)
  innervation - ventral rami of cervical spinal n.
13. Sternocleidomastoid
  attachments - from the lateral aspect of the mastoid process & superior nuchal line to the manubrium & medial 1/3rd of the clavicle
  function - flexion of the head & neck, & contralateral rotation of the head
  innervation - accessory n
14. Sternohyoid
  attachments - from the posterior side of the proximal clavical & adjacent manubrium to the inferior border of body of the hyoid
  function - depresses the hyoid
  innervation - ansa cervicalis
15. Sternothyroid
  attachments - from the posterior aspect of the manubrium to the thyroid lamina
  function - depression of the elevated larynx
  innervation - ansa cervicalis
16. Stylohyoid
  attachments - from the styloid process to the greater cornu of the hyoid
  function - elevation & retraction of the hyoid
  innervation - facial n.
17. Thyrohyoid
  attachments - from the thyroid lamina to the hyoid bone
  function - depression of the hyoid or elevation of the thyroid cartilage
  innervation - ventral ramus of C1 via the hypoglossal n.
Deep muscles of the neck and suboccipital triangle
1. Splenius capitis (G. splenion, bandage)
  attachments - from the ligamentum nuchae and lower cervical & upper thoracic spinous processes to the lateral third of the superior nuchal line
  function - extension & lateral flexion of the head
  innervation - dorsal rami of cervical spinal n.
2. Splenius cervicis
  attachments - from spinous processes of upper thoracic vertebrae to posterior tubercles of upper three cervical vertebrae
  function - together extend neck, single side does ipsilateral rotation
  innervation - dorsal rami of cervical spinal n.
3. Longissimus capitis
  attachments - from the upper thoracic transverse processes to the posterior margin of the mastoid process
  function - extension & ipsilateral rotation of the head
  innervation - dorsal rami of spinal n.
4. Semispinalis capitis
  attachments - from upper thoracic & cervical transverse processes to the occipital bone between the inferior & superior nuchal lines
  function - extension of the head
  innervation - dorsal rami of cervical spinal n.
5. Semispinalis cervicis
  attachments - from upper thoracic transverse processes to cervical spinous processes
  function - extension of the neck
  innervation - dorsal rami of cervical spinal n.
6. Rectus capitis posterior major
  attachments - from the spinous process of the axis to the adjacent occipital bone
  function - extension of the head
  innervation - suboccipital n. (dorsal ramus C1)
7. Rectus capitis posterior minor
  attachments - from the posterior tubercle of the atlas to the adjacent occipital bone
  function - extension of the head
  innervation - suboccipital nerve (dorsal ramus C1)
8. Obliquus capitis inferior
  attachments - from the spinous process of the axis to the transverse process of the atlas
  function - ipsilateral rotation of the head
  innervation - suboccipital n. (dorsal ramus C1)
9. Obliquus capitis superior
  attachments - from the transverse process of atlas to the occipital bone between superior & inferior nuchal lines
  function - posterolateral flexion of the head
  innervation - suboccipital n. (dorsal ramus C1)
Muscles of the tongue
1. Genioglossus
  attachments - from the superior genial tubercle to the hyoid, middle constrictor & length of the ventral aspect of the tongue
  function - protrusion of the tongue
  innervation - hypoglossal n.
2. Hyoglossus (G. glossa, tongue)
  attachments - from the greater cornu & body of the hyoid to the lateral aspect of the tongue
  function - depression of the tongue
  innervation - hypoglossal n.
3. Styloglossus
  attachments - from the styloid process to the lateral base of the tongue
  function - elevation & retraction of the tongue
  innervation - hypoglossal n.
Muscles of the palate
1. Levator veli palatini
  attachments - from the petrous temporal bone adjacent to the carotid canal & the cartilagenous portion of the auditory tube to the soft palate
  function - elevates the soft palate
  innervation - vagus nerve (pharyngeal branch)
2. Musculus uvulae (L. uva, grape)
  attachments - from the hard palate to the uvular mucosa
  function - aids in palatopharyngeal closure
  innervation - vagus n. (pharyngeal branch)
3. Palatoglossus
  attachments - from the palatine aponeurosis to the lateral aspect of the tongue
  function - elevation of the root of the tongue & approximation of the palatoglossal folds
  innervation - vagus n. (pharyngeal branch)
4. Palatopharyngeus
  attachments - from posterior hard palate and palatine aponeurosis to the wall of the pharynx
  function - elevation of the pharynx & approximation of the palatopharyngeal folds
  innervation - vagus n. (pharyngeal branch)
5. Tensor veli palatini
  attachments - from the scaphoid fossa, cartilage of the auditory tube & spine of the sphenoid to the palatine aponeurosis (after deflecting around the hamulus)
  function - unilateral deviation & bilateral tension of the soft palate
  innervation - mandibular n.
Muscles of the pharynx [G., throat]
1. Inferior constrictor
  attachments - from the cricoid & thyroid cartilages to median pharyngeal raphe
  function - general sphinchteric & peristalic action in swallowing
  innervation - pharyngeal plexus (X), recurrent laryngeal n & external laryngeal n.
2. Middle constrictor
  attachments - from the greater & lesser cornu of hyoid & stylohyoid ligament to the median pharyngeal raphe
  function - general sphinchteric & peristalic action in swallowing
  innervation - pharyngeal plexus (X)
3. Superior constrictor
  attachments - from pterygoid hamulus & pterygomandibular raphe to the median pharyngeal raphe
  function - general sphinchteric & peristalic action in swallowing
  innervation - pharyngeal plexus (X)
4. Salpingopharyngeus (G. salpinx, trumpet)
  attachments - from the cartilage of the auditory tube to the lateral wall of the pharynx
  function - elevation of the superior lateral aspect of the pharyngeal wall
  innervation - vagus n.
5. Stylopharyngeus
  attachments - from the styloid process to the posterolateral aspect of the pharyngeal wall
  function - elevation of the pharyngeal wall
  innervation - glossopharyngeal n.
Muscles of the larynx
1. Aryepiglotticus
  attachments - from the oblique arytenoids to the aryepiglottic folds
  function - closes the aryepiglottic folds
  innervation - recurrent laryngeal n.
2. Lateral cricoarytenoid (G. krikos, a ring)
  attachments - from the arch of the cricoid cartilage to the muscular process of the arytenoid
  function - closes the glottis (adducts the vocal folds)
  innervation - recurrent laryngeal n.
3. Posterior cricoarytenoid
  attachments - from the posterior surface of the cricoid lamina to the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage
  function - opens the glottis (abducts the vocal folds)
  innervation - recurrent laryngeal n.
4. Cricothyroid
  attachments - from the anterolateral external aspect of the cricoid cartilage to the lower border of the thyroid cartilage & inferior cornu
  function - tenses the vocal folds
  innervation - external laryngeal n.
5. Interarytenoids (transverse & oblique)
  attachments - from arytenoid to arytenoid
  function - closes glottis & assists in closing aryepiglottic folds
  innervation - recurrent laryngeal n.
6. Thyroarytenoid
  attachments - from the lower half of the thyroid angle to the anterolateral aspect of the arytenoid cartilage
  function - closes glottis or slackens vocal folds
  innervation - recurrent laryngeal n.
7. Thyroepiglotticus
  attachments - from the thyroid angle to the epiglottic margin
  function - widens glottis
  innervation - recurrent laryngeal n.
8. Vocalis
  attachments - from the thyroid angle to the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage
  function - slackens tensed vocal ligaments for changes in pitch
  innervation - recurrent laryngeal n.
Muscles of the middle ear
1. Stapedius
  attachments - stapes
  function - dampens vibrations of the stapes
  innervation - facial n.
2. Tensor tympani
  attachments - malleus
  function - dampens movement of the malleus
  innervation - mandibular n.

Overview