Upper Extremities Summary

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Sternum (G. sternon, the chest)
1. Manubrium (L. handle)
  attachments - pectoralis major m.
  1. Clavicular notch (L. clavicula, small key)
    function - articulates with clavicle
  2. Jugular notch (L. jugulm, throat)
2. Body
  attachments - pectoralis major m.
3. Xiphoid process (G. xiphos, sword)
Clavicle
1. Acromial end (G. akromion, tip + osmos, shoulder)
  function - articulates with acromion
2. Sternal end
  function - articulates with sternum
3. Superior surface
  attachments - sternocleidomastoid muscle m.
4. Inferior surface
  1. Conoid tubercle (cone shaped; L. tuber, swelling)
    attachments - conoid lig.
  2. Trapezoid line
    attachments - trapezoid lig.
5. Anterior border
  attachments - pectoralis major & deltoid m.
6. Posterior border
  attachments - trapezius m.
Scapula
1. Borders
  1. Medial
    attachments - rhomboids & serratus anterior m.
  2. Superior
    attachments - omohyoid m. & transverse scapular lig.
    1. Suprascapular notch (indentation at the edge of a bone)
      function - transmits suprascapular n.
  3. Lateral
    attachments - teres minor m.
2. Angles
  1. Superior
    attachments - levator scapulae m.
  2. Inferior
    attachments - teres major m.
  3. Lateral
3. Fossa (L. trench or ditch)
  1. Subscapular
    attachments - subscapularis m.
  2. Supraspinous
    attachments - supraspinatus m.
  3. Infraspinous
    attachments - infraspinatus m.
4. Spine (short, sharp thorn-like process of a bone)
  1. Crest (L. crista, bony ridge)
    attachments - trapezius m.
  2. Acromion
    attachments - deltoid m.
    function - articulates with clavicle
  3. Spinoglenoid notch
    function - transmits the suprascapular n., a. & v.
5. Glenoid cavity (G. glenoeides, resembles eye)
  function - articulates with head of humerus
  1. Supraglenoid tubercle (L. tuber, swelling)
    attachments - biceps (long) m.
  2. Infraglenoid tubercle
    attachments - triceps (long) m.
6. Coracoid process (G. korakodes, like a raven's beak)
  attachments - conoid & trapezoid lig., pectoralis minor, coracobrachialis & biceps (short) m.
Humerus (L. shoulder)
1. Proximal end
  1. Head
    function - articulates with the glenoid cavity
  2. Anatomical neck
    attachments - glenoid capsule & glenohumeral lig.
  3. Greater tubercle
    attachments - supraspinatus, infraspinatus & teres minor m.
  4. Lesser tubercle
    attachments - subscapularis m.
  5. Intertubercular sulcus (L. a furrow or ditch)
    function - accommodates the biceps long head tendon
    1. Lateral lip
      attachments - pectoralis major m.
    2. Medial lip
      attachments - teres major & latissimus dorsi m.
2. Shaft
  attachments - brachialis, coracobrachialis, triceps (lateral) & triceps (medial)
  1. Surgical neck
  2. Sulcus for the radial nerve (or spiral groove)
  3. Deltoid tuberosity (G. deltoeides, shaped like the letter delta)
    attachments - deltoid m.
3. Distal end
  1. Capitulum (L. caput, head)
    function - articulates with radius
  2. Trochlea (L. pully)
    function - articulates with trochlear notch of ulna
  3. Lateral epicondyle (G. kondylos, knuckle)
    attachments - common extensor tendon & supinator m.
    1. Lateral supracondylar ridge
      attachments - extensor carpi radialis longus & brachioradialis m.
  4. Coronoid fossa (G. korone, hooked or curved)
    function - accommodates the coronoid process
  5. Medial epicondyle
    attachments - common flexor tendon & pronator teres m.
    1. Medial supracondylar ridge
  6. Olecranon fossa (G. olene, ulna + kranion, head)
    function - accommodates the olecranon process of the ulna
Radius (L. spoke of wheel)
1. Proximal end
  1. Head
    function - articulates with capitulum of humerus
  2. Neck
  3. Radial tuberosity
    attachments - biceps m.
2. Shaft
  attachments - abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis longus, pronator teres & supinator m.
  1. Interosseous border
    attachments - interosseous membrane
3. Distal end
  attachments - pronator quadratus m.
  1. Carpal articular surface
  2. Styloid process (G. stylos, pillar or post)
    attachments - brachioradialis
  3. Dorsal tubercle
    function - redirects tendon of extensor pollicis longus m.
Ulna (L. elbow)
1. Proximal end
  attachments - supintor m.
  1. Olecranon process
    attachments - triceps m.
  2. Trochlear notch
    function - articulates with trochlea
  3. Coronoid process
    attachments - brachialis & pronator teres m.
  4. Radial notch
    function - articulates with the head of the radius
  5. Ulnar tuberosity
    attachments -brachialis m.
2. Shaft
  attachments - abductor pollicis longus, extensor indicis, extensor pollicis longus, flexor carpi ulnaris & flexor digitorum profundus m.
  1. Interosseous border
    attachments - interosseous membrane
3. Distal end
  attachments - pronator quadratus m.
  1. Styloid process
Carpals (G. karpos, wrist)
1. Scaphoid (G. skaphe, skiff, boat)
  1. Radial surface
  2. function - articulates with radius
2. Lunate (L. luna, moon)
  1. Radial surface
    function - articulates with radius
3. Triquetral (L. triquetrus, triangular)
4. Pisiform (L. pisum, pea)
  attachments - abductor digiti minimi, flexor carpi ulnaris m. & flexor retinaculum
5. Trapezium (G. trapezion, four sided)
  attachments - abductor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis longus, flexor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis m. & flexor retinaculum
6. Trapezoid (G. trapezoeides, table shaped)
7. Capitate
  attachments - adductor pollicis m.
8. Hamate (L. hook)
  1. Hamulus
    attachments - fl. digiti minimi, opponens digiti minimi m. & flexor retinaculum
Metacarpal
1. Head
  function - articulates with phalangeal base
2. Shaft
  attachments - adductor pollicis (2-3), dorsal interossei (2-5), opponens digiti minimi (5), opponens pollicis (1) & palmar interossei (2,4,5) m.
3. Base
  function - articulates with carpal
  attachments - abductor pollicis longus (1), extensor carpi radialis brevis (3), extensor carpi radialis longus (2), extensor carpi ulnaris (5) & flexor carpi radialis (2-3) m.
Phalanges (G. phallanx, line of soldiers)
attachments - extensor digitorum (2-5), extensor digiti minimi (5) & extensor indicis (2) m.
1. Head
2. Shaft
  attachments - flexor digitorum superficialis (2-5) m.
3. Base
  attachments - abductor digiti minimi (5), abductor pollicis brevis (1), adductor pollicis (1), dorsal interossei (2-4), extensor pollicis brevis (1), extensor pollicis longus (1), flexor digiti minimi (5), flexor digitorum profundus (2-5), flexor pollicis brevis & flexor pollicis longus (1) m.

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