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  1. Muscles Connecting Upper Extremity to the Trunk
    1. Latissimus dorsi
      attachments - from lower thoracic spinous processes, thoracolumbar fascia & iliac crest to the medial lip of the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus
      actions - humeral adduction, extension & medial rotation
      innervation - thoracodorsal nerve
    2. Levator scapulae (C4-5)
      attachments - from the upper cervical transverse processes to the superior angle of scapula
      actions - elevation & inferior rotation of the lateral angle of the scapula
      innervation - dorsal scapular nerve
    3. Pectoralis major
      attachments - from clavicle, costal cartilages, sternum to the lateral lip of the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus
      actions - humeral adduction, flexion & medial rotation
      innervation - medial & lateral pectoral nerves
    4. Pectoralis minor
      attachments - from ribs 3-5 to the coracoid process of the scapula
      actions - scapular protraction & assists with depression of the shoulder (assists with forced inspiration [with scapular fixation])
      innervation - medial & lateral pectoral nerves
    5. Rhomboids (C4-5)
      attachments - from the lower cervical & upper thoracic spinous processes to the medial border of the scapula
      actions - scapular retraction & inferior rotation of the lateral angle
      innervation - dorsal scapular nerve
    6. Serratus anterior (C5-7)
      attachments - from the upper 8-10 ribs to the deep, medial border of the scapula
      actions - scapular protraction & upward rotation of the lateral angle of the scapula
      innervation - long thoracic nerve
    7. Subclavius
      attachments - from 1st rib & costal cartilage to inferior middle third of clavicle
      actions - depresses point of shoulder
      innervation - nerve to subclavius
    8. Trapezius
      attachments - from the superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, & cervical & thoracic spinous processes to the clavicle, acromion & scapular spine
      actions - scapular elevation, depression, retraction & superior rotation of the lateral angle
      innervation - accessory nerve (motor innervation) & C3-5 (sensory)
    9. Omohyoid (see head & neck)
  2. Scapular
    1. Deltoid (C5-6)
      attachments - from the clavicle, acromion & spine of the scapula to the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus
      actions - humeral flexion, medial rotation, abduction, extension & lateral rotation
      innervation - axillary nerve
    2. Subscapularis
      attachments - from the subscapular fossa to the lesser tubercle of the humerus
      actions - stabilizes the glenohumeral joint, and medially rotates & adducts humerus
      innervation - upper & lower subscapular nerves
    3. Supraspinatus
      attachments - from the supraspinous fossa to the greater tubercle of the humerus
      actions - initiates humeral abduction
      innervation - suprascapular nerve (C5,6)
    4. Teres major
      attachments - from the inferior angle of the scapula to the medial lip of the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus
      actions - humeral adduction & medial rotation
      innervation - lower subscapular nerve
    5. Infraspinatus (C5-6)
      attachments - from the infraspinous fossa to the greater tubercle of the humerus
      actions - stabilizes glenohumeral joint, and lateral rotation of humerus
      innervation - suprascapular nerve
    6. Teres minor (C5-6)
      attachments - from the lateral border of the scapula to the greater tubercle of the humerus
      actions - stabilizes glenohumeral joint, and lateral rotation of humerus
      innervation - axillary nerve
  3. Muscles of the arm
    1. Biceps Brachii (C5,6)
      attachments - from coracoid process (short head) and supraglenoid tubercle (long head) of the scapula to the radial tuberosity & the deep antebrachial fascia (through the bicipital aponeurosis)
      actions - flexion of the arm & forearm, & supination of the forearm
      innervation - musculocutaneous nerve
    2. Brachialis
      attachments - from the distal anterior shaft of the humerus to the coronoid process & ulnar tuberosity
      actions - flexion of the forearm
      innervation - musculocutaneous & radial nerves
    3. Coracobrachialis
      attachments - from the coracoid process to the proximal medial shaft of the humerus
      actions - flexion & adduction of arm
      innervation - musculocutaneous nerve
    4. Triceps (C7,8)
      attachments - from the infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula (long head), & proximal posterolateral (lateral head) & distal posteromedial (medial) shaft of the humerus to the olecranon process of the ulna
      actions - extension of the arm (long head) & extension of the forearm (long, lateral & medial heads)
      innervation - radial nerve
  4. Muscles of the forearm
    1. Abductor pollicis longus
      attachments - from proximal posterior radius, ulna & interosseous membrane to the anterior base of the 1st metacarpal & trapezium
      actions - abducts and extends thumb at carpometacarpal joint
      innervation - radial nerve
    2. Anconeus
      attachments - from posterior lateral epicondyle of humerus to lateral olecranon and shaft of ulna
      actions - extension of forearm
      innervation - radial n.
    3. Brachioradialis
      attachments - from the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus to the distal radius adjacent to the styloid process
      actions - flexes forearm
      innervation - radial nerve
    4. Extensor carpi radialis brevis
      attachments - from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus (common extensor origin) to the base of the 3rd metacarpal
      actions - extends & abducts hand at wrist
      innervation - radial nerve
    5. Extensor carpi radialis longus
      attachments - from the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus to the base of the 2nd metacarpal
      actions - extends & abducts hand at wrist
      innervation - radial nerve
    6. Extensor carpi ulnaris
      attachments - from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus (common extensor origin) to the base of the 5th metacarpal
      actions - extends & adducts hand at wrist
      innervation - radial nerve
    7. Extensor digitorum
      attachments - from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus (common extensor origin) to the extensor expansions of digits 2-5
      actions - extends phalanges (MP) and hand at wrist
      innervation - radial nerve
    8. Extensor digiti minimi
      attachments - from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus (common extensor origin) to the digital expansion of the 5th digit
      actions - extends 5th digit (MP & IP)
      innervation - radial nerve
    9. Extensor indicis
      attachments - from the posterior surface of the ulna & interosseous membrane to the digital expansion of the 2nd digit
      actions - extends 2nd digit (MP & IP)
      innervation - radial nerve
    10. Extensor pollicis brevis
      attachments - from the posterior radial surface & interosseous membrane to the base of the 1st proximal phalanx
      actions - extends thumb (MP)
      innervation - radial nerve
    11. Extensor pollicis longus
      attachments - from the middle 1/3rd of the posterior surface of the ulna & interosseous membrane to the base of the 1st distal phalanx
      actions - extends thumb (MP & IP)
      innervation - radial nerve
    12. Flexor carpi radialis
      attachments - from the medial epicondyle (common flexor origin) to the palmar aspect of the bases of the 2nd & 3rd metacarpals
      actions - flexes & abducts hand at wrist
      innervation - median nerve
    13. Flexor carpi ulnaris
      attachments - from the medial epicondyle (common flexor origin) of the humerus and proximal ulnar shaft to the pisiform
      actions - flexes & adducts hand at wrist
      innervation - ulnar nerve
    14. Flexor digitorum profundus
      attachments - from the anterior proximal 2/3rds of the ulna & interosseous membrane to the base of the distal phalanges of digits 2-5
      actions - flexion of digits 2-5 (MP & IP), and flexion hand at wrist
      innervation - median & ulnar nerves
    15. Flexor digitorum superficialis
      attachments - from the medial epicondyle (common flexor origin) of the humerus to the sides of the middle phalanges of digits 2-5
      actions - flexion of digits (MP & proximal IP), and hand at wrist
      innervation - median nerve
    16. Flexor pollicis longus
      attachments - from the anterior surface of the radius & interosseous membrane to the the base of the distal phalanx of the thumb
      actions - flexes thumb (MP & IP)
      innervation - median nerve
    17. Palmaris longus
      attachments - from the medial epicondyle of the humerus (common flexor origin) to the palmar aponeurosis
      actions - flexes hand at wrist
      innervation - median nerve
    18. Pronator quadratus
      attachments - from the anterior surface of the distal radius to the anterior surface of the distal ulna
      actions - pronates the forearm
      innervation - median nerve
    19. Pronator teres
      attachments - from the medial epicondyle & ulnar coronoid process to lateral aspect of the radius
      actions - pronates & flexes forearm
      innervation - median nerve
    20. Supinator
      attachments - from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, radial collateral ligament & supinator crest of the ulna to the lateral surface of the proximal radius
      actions - supinates forearm
      innervation - radial nerve
  5. Muscles of the hand
    1. Abductor digit minimi (C8-T1)
      attachments - from the pisiform to the ulnar side of the base of the 5th digit
      actions - abducts 5th digit
      innervation - deep branch of the ulnar nerve
    2. Abductor pollicis brevis (C8-T1)
      attachments - from the flexor retinaculum to the radial side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb
      actions - abducts thumb
      innervation - recurrent branch of the median nerve
    3. Adductor pollicis (C8-T1)
      attachments - from the capitate & 2nd & 3rd metacarpals (oblique head) and the palmar aspect of the 3rd metacarpal to the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb
      actions - adducts thumb
      innervation - deep branch of the ulnar nerve
    4. Dorsal interossei (C8-T1)
      attachments - from the adjacent sides of the metacarpals to the proximal phalangeal bases and dorsal digital expansions of digits 2-4
      actions - abducts (MP), flexes (MP) & extends (IP) digits 2-4
      innervation - deep branch of the ulnar nerve
    5. Flexor digiti minimi brevis (C8-T1)
      attachments - from the hamate to the ulnar side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the 5th digit
      actions - flexes (MP) 5th digit
      innervation - deep branch of the ulnar nerve
    6. Flexor pollicis brevis (C8-T1)
      attachments - from the flexor retinaculum & trapezium to the radial side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb
      actions - flexes (MP) thumb
      innervation - recurrent branch of the median nerve & deep branch of ulnar n.
    7. Lumbricals (C8-T1)
      attachments - from the tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus to the radial side of the dorsal digital expansions of digits 2-5
      actions - flexes (MP) and extends (IP) digits 2-5
      innervation - deep branch of the ulnar nerve (medial two lumbricals) and median nerve (lateral two lumbricals)
    8. Opponens digiti minimi (C8-T1)
      attachments - from the hook of the hamate to the ulnar margin of the shaft of the 5th metacarpal
      actions - opposition of 5th digit to thumb
      innervation - deep branch of the ulnar nerve
    9. Opponens pollicis (C8-T1)
      attachments - from the flexor retinaculum & trapezium to the palmar surface of the 1st metacarpal
      actions - opposition of thumb to 5th digit
      innervation - recurrent branch of the median nerve
    10. Palmar interossei (C8-T1)
      attachments - from the palmar aspects of metacarpals 2, 4 & 5 to the dorsal digital expansions of digits 2, 4 & 5
      actions - adducts (MP), flexes (MP) & extends (IP) digits 2, 4 & 5
      innervation - deep branch of the ulnar nerve

Overview