Figure 1-1
Axial and appendicular skeletal subdivisions.

Human skeletons can be separated into two subdivisions, the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.

The axial skeleton consists of the skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum. It houses and protects most vital organs.

The appendicular skeleton forms the framework for the upper and lower limbs. The bones by which the upper and lower appendages are attached to the axial skeleton are called respectively the shoulder girdle and the pelvic girdle.

The scapulae and clavicles attach anteriorly to the sternum to form the shoulder girdle.

The pelvic girdle is formed by the hip bones articulating with each other at the symphysis pubis anteriorly and attaching to the sacrum posteriorly.

Both axial and appendicular skeletons support the muscles of movement. They also house vital organs and make upright posture and bipedal locomotion possible. (Figure 1-1)

Exercise One will establish knowledge of the vertebral column, spinal cord and muscles of the back along with the bony landmarks of each area.

With this "solid" foundation, we will examine the "true" back muscles and appreciate the important role the muscles play in respiration, trunk movement and upright posture.

Finally, through a procedure called a vertebral laminectomy, we will survey the vertebral canal, its supportive structures and the enclosed spinal cord and meninges.