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  1. Deep muscles of the back
    1. Erector spinae
      attachments - from sacrum, lumbar & thoracic supraspinous lig., sacrotuberous lig. to costal angles (iliocostalis), ribs & transverse processes (longissimus), and spinous processes (spinalis)
      actions - extension & lateral flexion of the vertebral column
      innervation - dorsal rami of spinal nerves
    2. Semispinalis (transversospinalis)
      attachments - from transverse processes to distant superior spinous processes
      actions - extension & contralateral rotation of the vertebral column
      innervation - dorsal rami of spinal nerves
    3. Multifidus and rotatores (transversospinalis)
      attachments - from transverse process to more superior spinous processes
      actions - stabilizes vertebrae, and assists with extension & rotation of the vertebral column
      innervation - dorsal rami of spinal nerves
    4. Interspinalis
      attachments - from spinous process to adjacent spinous process
      actions - flexion of the vertebral column
      innervation - dorsal rami of spinal nerves
    5. Intertransversarii
      attachments - from transverse process to adjacent transverse processes
      actions - lateral flexion of the vertebral column
      innervation - dorsal rami of spinal nerves

Overview