Plantar Surface

1st Layer

• Abductor Hallucis
  • Bony Attachments:
    • 1. Medial tubercle of tuberosity of calcaneus, flexor retinaculum , plantar aponeurosis
    • 2. Base of proximal phalanx on hallux
  • Innervation: Medial plantar nerve (S2 & S3)
  • Arterial Supply: Medial plantar artery
  • Action: Abducts and flexes the great toe
• Flexor Digitorum Brevis
  • Bony Attachments:
    • 1. Medial tubercle of tuberosity of calcaneus, flexor retinaculum , intermuscular septa
    • 2. Both sides of the middle phalanges and lateral four digits
  • Innervation: Medial plantar nerve (S2 & S3)
  • Arterial Supply: Medial plantar artery
  • Action: Flexes the lateral 4 toes
• Abductor Digiti Minimi
  • Bony Attachments:
    • 1. Medial and lateral tubercle of calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis , intermuscular septa
    • 2. Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit
  • Innervation: Lateral plantar nerve (S2 & S3)
  • Arterial Supply: Lateral plantar artery
  • Action: Abducts and flexes 5th toe

2nd Layer

• Quadratus Plantae
  • Bony Attachments:
    • 1. Medial surface and plantar surface of calcaneus
    • 2. Posterior margin of tendon of flexor digitorum longus
  • Innervation: Lateral plantar nerve (S2 & S3)
  • Arterial Supply: Lateral plantar artery
  • Action: Assists flexor digitorum longus in flexing the lateral 4 toes
• Lumbricals
  • Bony Attachments:
    • 1. Tendons of flexor digitorum longus
    • 2. Medial aspect of expansion over lateral four digits
  • Innervation: 1st lumbrical: medial plantar nerve (S2 & S3); Lumbricals 2-4: lateral plantar nerve (S2 & S3)
  • Arterial Supply: Medial and lateral plantar arteries
  • Action: Flex proximal phalanges and extend middle and distal phalanges of lateral 4 toes

3rd Layer

• Flexor Hallucis Brevis
  • Bony Attachments:
    • 1. Plantar surfaces of cuboid and lateral cuneiforms
    • 2. Both sides of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit
  • Innervation: Medial plantar nerve (S2 & S3)
  • Arterial Supply: Medial plantar artery
  • Action: Flexes great toe (proximal phalanx)
• Adductor Hallucis
  • Bony Attachments:
    • 1. Oblique head: bases of metatarsals 2-4; Transverse head: plantar ligaments of metatarsophalangeal joints
    • 2. Tendons of both heads attach to lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit
  • Innervation: Deep branch of lateral plantar nerve (S2 & S3)
  • Arterial Supply: Lateral plantar artery
  • Action: Adducts and flexes great toe
• Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis
  • Bony Attachments:
    • 1. Base of 5th metatarsal bone
    • 2. Base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit
  • Innervation: Superficial branch of lateral plantar nerve (S2 & S3)
  • Arterial Supply: Lateral plantar artery
  • Action: Flexes 5th toe

4th Layer

• Plantar Interossei (3 muscles)
  • Bony Attachments:
    • 1. Bases and medial sides of metatarsals 3-5
    • 2. Medial sides of bases of proximal phalanges of 3-5 digits
  • Innervation: Lateral plantar nerve (S2 & S3)
  • Arterial Supply: Lateral plantar artery
  • Action: Adducts and flexes metatarsophalangeal joints
• Dorsal Interossei (4 muscles)
  • Bony Attachments:
    • 1. Adjacent sides of metatarsals of 1-5
    • 2. First: medial side of proximal phalanx of 2nd digit ; Second to fourth: latreal sides of 2nd to 4th digits
  • Innervation: Lateral plantar nerve (S2 & S3)
  • Arterial Supply: Lateral plantar artery
  • Action: Abducts toes, flexes metatarsophalangeal joints